• Paul Ekman Facial Recognition
• Paul Ekman Facial Action Coding System Pdf
• Paul Ekman Universal Facial Expressions
• Facial Action Coding System Pdf

What the face reveals: basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the facial action coding system (FACS) / edited by Paul Ekman & Erika L. Rosenberg.—2nd ed. Cm.—(Series in affective science) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13 978-0-19-517964-4 ISBN 0-19-517964-1 1. Facial expression. Observer-Based Measurement of Facial Expression With the Facial Action Coding System Jeffrey F. Cohn Zara Ambadar Paul Ekman 203 Facial expression has been a focus of emotion research for over a hundred years (Darwin, 1872/1998). It is central to several leading theories of emotion (Ekman.

Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a system to taxonomize human facial movements by their appearance on the face, based on a system originally developed by a Swedish anatomist named Carl-Herman Hjortsjö.^[1] It was later adopted by Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen, and published in 1978.^[2] Ekman, Friesen, and Joseph C. Hager published a significant update to FACS in 2002.^[3] Movements of individual facial muscles are encoded by FACS from slight different instant changes in facial appearance.^[4] It is a common standard to systematically categorize the physical expression of emotions, and it has proven useful to psychologists and to animators. Due to subjectivity and time consumption issues, FACS has been established as a computed automated system that detects faces in videos, extracts the geometrical features of the faces, and then produces temporal profiles of each facial movement.^[4]

Uses[edit]

Using FACS ^[5] human coders can manually code nearly any anatomically possible facial expression, deconstructing it into the specific action units (AU) and their temporal segments that produced the expression. As AUs are independent of any interpretation, they can be used for any higher order decision making process including recognition of basic emotions, or pre-programmed commands for an ambient intelligent environment. The FACS Manual is over 500 pages in length and provides the AUs, as well as Ekman's interpretation of their meaning.

FACS defines AUs, which are a contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles. It also defines a number of Action Descriptors, which differ from AUs in that the authors of FACS have not specified the muscular basis for the action and have not distinguished specific behaviors as precisely as they have for the AUs.

For example, FACS can be used to distinguish two types of smiles as follows:^[6]

• Insincere and voluntary Pan-Am smile: contraction of zygomatic major alone
• Sincere and involuntary Duchenne smile: contraction of zygomatic major and inferior part of orbicularis oculi.

Although the labeling of expressions currently requires trained experts, researchers have had some success in using computers to automatically identify FACS codes.^[7]Computer graphical face models, such as CANDIDE or Artnatomy, allow expressions to be artificially posed by setting the desired action units.

The use of FACS has been proposed for use in the analysis of depression,^[8] and the measurement of pain in patients unable to express themselves verbally.^[9]

FACS is designed to be self-instructional. People can learn the technique from a number of sources including manuals and workshops,^[10] and obtain certification through testing.^[11] The original FACS has been modified to analyze facial movements in several non-human primates, namely chimpanzees,^[12] rhesus macaques,^[13] gibbons and siamangs,^[14] and orangutans.^[15] More recently, it was developed also for domestic species, including the dog,^[16] the horse^[17] and the cat.^[18] Similarly to the human FACS, the animal FACS have manuals available online for each species with the respective certification tests.^[19]

Thus, FACS can be used to compare facial repertoires across species due to its anatomical basis. A study conducted by Vick and others (2006) suggests that FACS can be modified by taking differences in underlying morphology into account. Such considerations enable a comparison of the homologous facial movements present in humans and chimpanzees, to show that the facial expressions of both species result from extremely notable appearance changes. The development of FACS tools for different species allows the objective and anatomical study of facial expressions in communicative and emotional contexts. Furthermore, a cross-species analysis of facial expressions can help to answer interesting questions, such as which emotions are uniquely human.^[20]

EMFACS (Emotional Facial Action Coding System)^[21] and FACSAID (Facial Action Coding System Affect Interpretation Dictionary)^[22] consider only emotion-related facial actions. Examples of these are:

Codes for action units[edit]

For clarification, FACS is an index of facial expressions, but does not actually provide any bio-mechanical information about the degree of muscle activation. Though muscle activation is not part of FACS, the main muscles involved in the facial expression have been added here for the benefit of the reader.

Action units (AUs) are the fundamental actions of individual muscles or groups of muscles.

Action descriptors (ADs) are unitary movements that may involve the actions of several muscle groups (e.g., a forward‐thrusting movement of the jaw). The muscular basis for these actions hasn't been specified and specific behaviors haven't been distinguished as precisely as for the AUs.

For most accurate annotation, FACS suggests agreement from at least two independent certified FACS encoders.

Intensity scoring[edit]

Intensities of FACS are annotated by appending letters A–E (for minimal-maximal intensity) to the action unit number (e.g. AU 1A is the weakest trace of AU 1 and AU 1E is the maximum intensity possible for the individual person).

• A Trace
• B Slight
• C Marked or pronounced
• D Severe or extreme
• E Maximum

Other letter modifiers[edit]

There are other modifiers present in FACS codes for emotional expressions, such as 'R' which represents an action that occurs on the right side of the face and 'L' for actions which occur on the left. An action which is unilateral (occurs on only one side of the face) but has no specific side is indicated with a 'U' and an action which is unilateral but has a stronger side is indicated with an 'A.'

List of action units and action descriptors (with underlying facial muscles)[edit]

Main codes[edit]

Paul Ekman Facial Recognition

Head movement codes[edit]

Eye movement codes[edit]

Visibility codes[edit]

Gross behavior codes[edit]

These codes are reserved for recording information about gross behaviors that may be relevant to the facial actions that are scored.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Hjortsjö CH (1969). Man's face and mimic language. free download: Carl-Herman Hjortsjö, Man's face and mimic language'
2. ^Ekman P, Friesen W (1978). Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
3. ^Ekman P, Friesen WV, Hager JC (2002). Facial Action Coding System: The Manual on CD ROM. Salt Lake City: A Human Face.
4. ^ ^abHamm J, Kohler CG, Gur RC, Verma R (September 2011). 'Automated Facial Action Coding System for dynamic analysis of facial expressions in neuropsychiatric disorders'. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 200 (2): 237–56. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.06.023. PMC3402717. PMID21741407.
5. ^Ramachandran VS (2012). 'Microexpression and macroexpression'. In Ramachandran VS (ed.). Encyclopedia of Human Behavior. 2. Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 173–183. ISBN978-0-12-375000-6.
6. ^Del Giudice M, Colle L (May 2007). 'Differences between children and adults in the recognition of enjoyment smiles'. Developmental Psychology. 43 (3): 796–803. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.796. PMID17484588.
7. ^Facial Action Coding System. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
8. ^Reed LI, Sayette MA, Cohn JF (November 2007). 'Impact of depression on response to comedy: a dynamic facial coding analysis'. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 116 (4): 804–9. CiteSeerX10.1.1.307.6950. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.4.804. PMID18020726.
9. ^Lints-Martindale AC, Hadjistavropoulos T, Barber B, Gibson SJ (2007). 'A psychophysical investigation of the facial action coding system as an index of pain variability among older adults with and without Alzheimer's disease'. Pain Medicine. 8 (8): 678–89. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00358.x. PMID18028046.
10. ^Rosenberg EL. 'Example and web site of one teaching professional'. Archived from the original on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
11. ^'Facial Action Coding System'. Paul Ekman Group. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
12. ^Parr LA, Waller BM, Vick SJ, Bard KA (February 2007). 'Classifying chimpanzee facial expressions using muscle action'. Emotion. 7 (1): 172–81. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.172. PMC2826116. PMID17352572.
13. ^Parr LA, Waller BM, Burrows AM, Gothard KM, Vick SJ (December 2010). 'Brief communication: MaqFACS: A muscle-based facial movement coding system for the rhesus macaque'. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 143 (4): 625–30. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21401. PMC2988871. PMID20872742.
14. ^Waller BM, Lembeck M, Kuchenbuch P, Burrows AM, Liebal K (2012). 'GibbonFACS: A Muscle-Based Facial Movement Coding System for Hylobatids'. International Journal of Primatology. 33 (4): 809–821. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9611-6.
15. ^Caeiro CC, Waller BM, Zimmermann E, Burrows AM, Davila-Ross M (2012). 'OrangFACS: A Muscle-Based Facial Movement Coding System for Orangutans (Pongo spp.)'. International Journal of Primatology. 34: 115–129. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9652-x.
16. ^Waller BM, Peirce K, Caeiro CC, Scheider L, Burrows AM, McCune S, Kaminski J (2013). 'Paedomorphic facial expressions give dogs a selective advantage'. PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e82686. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...882686W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082686. PMC3873274. PMID24386109.
17. ^Wathan J, Burrows AM, Waller BM, McComb K (2015-08-05). 'EquiFACS: The Equine Facial Action Coding System'. PLOS ONE. 10 (8): e0131738. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1031738W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131738. PMC4526551. PMID26244573.
18. ^Caeiro CC, Burrows AM, Waller BM (2017-04-01). 'Development and application of CatFACS: Are human cat adopters influenced by cat facial expressions?'(PDF). Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 189: 66–78. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2017.01.005. ISSN0168-1591.
19. ^'Home'. animalfacs.com. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
20. ^Vick SJ, Waller BM, Parr LA, Smith Pasqualini MC, Bard KA (March 2007). 'A Cross-species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)'. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 31 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1007/s10919-006-0017-z. PMC3008553. PMID21188285.
21. ^Friesen W, Ekman P (1983), EMFACS-7: Emotional Facial Action Coding System. Unpublished manuscript, 2, University of California at San Francisco, p. 1
22. ^'Facial Action Coding System Affect Interpretation Dictionary (FACSAID)'. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-02-23.

External links[edit]

• download of Carl-Herman Hjortsjö, Man's face and mimic language' (the original Swedish title of the book is: 'Människans ansikte och mimiska språket'. The correct translation would be: 'Man's face and facial language')

Paul Ekman Facial Action Coding System Pdf

The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is an internationally recognized, sophisticated research tool that precisely measures the entire spectrum of human facial expressions. FACS has elucidated the physiological presence of emotion with very high levels of reliability. FACS has played a particularly important role in predicting patterns related to deception at about 80% accuracy. Created in the 1970s by psychologists Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen FACS provides a comprehensive taxonomy of human facial expressions.

What the Face Reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (Series in Affective Science) 2nd Edition by Paul Ekman (Editor), Erika L. Rosenberg (Editor). Samurai jack season 6. Emotion, we coded the facial expressions, again using Ekman and Friesens Facial Action Coding System, that young boys displayed while taking a brief interactive IQ test (Keltner, Moffitt, & Stouthamer-Loeber, 1995).

FACS remains the most widely used and acclaimed method for coding the minutest movements of the human face. The system dissects observed expressions by determining how facial muscle contractions alter appearance. Each movement is categorized into specific Action Units (AUs), which represent the contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles. All facial expressions can be decomposed into their constituent AUs and described by duration, intensity, and asymmetry. Trained experts examine patterns in the changing nature of facial appearance including: movement, changes in shape and location of the features, and the gathering, pouching, bulging and wrinkling of the skin.

Paul Ekman Facial Action Coding System Pdf

Understanding the coordination between action units and certain expressions illuminates the implications of human body language and non verbal behavior. Applications of FACS: One of the most well known applications of FACS has been to distinguish Duchenne (or “genuine”) smiles from social (or “fake”) smiles. The specificity of FACS coding reveals the anatomical elements which make it difficult to fake a Duchenne smile. While the social smile involves the contraction of a singular facial muscle, the Duchenne smile is activated by the involuntary movement of multiple muscle groupings. FACS can be used in the following ways: • The measurement of facial behavior and detailed detection of specific emotional expressions.

• Research tool for measurement and discovery of new patterns of movements and relationships. Benefits of Using FACS over other facial measurement systems: • FACS is comprehensive and unbiased as a system of facial movement measurement. It can be used as a descriptive method encompassing all observable behavior or it can be specified to describe emotion specific behavior. • FACS is unobtrusive. FACS can be applied without the subjects awareness that their faces are being analyzed.

Paul Ekman Universal Facial Expressions

Research demonstrates FACS has successfully: • Discovered various patterns reliably related to deception, at 80% accuracy. (Ekman, 2001; Ekman et.

Facial Action Coding System Pdf

Al., 1988; Ekman, O’Sullivan, Friesen, & Scherer, 1991; Frank & Ekman, 1997) • Predicted coping with traumatic loss. (Bonnano & Keltner, 1997) • Predicted the onset and remission of depression, schizophrenia, and other psychopathology. (Ekman & Rosenberg, 1997) • Discriminated suicidal from non-suicidal depressed patients. (Heller & Haynal, 1994) • Predicted transient myocardial ischemia in coronary patients. (Rosenberg et al., 2001) • Identified patterns of facial activity involved in alcohol intoxication. How can FACS work for you? Emotional expression transcends the barriers of race, ethnicity, culture, gender, religion, and age.